And/or

• Introduction
• Truth Tables
• Logic Gates

• AND gate
• OR gate
• NOT gate
• NAND gate
• NOR gate
• EOR gate
• ENOR gate

1. Example
2. Problem
3. Multiple Input Gates
4. Tutorials with LabVIEW Simulations
5. Gates and Functions Quiz

Introduction

Boolean functions may be practically implemented by using electronic gates. The following points are important to understand.

• Electronic gates require a power supply.
• Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
• The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In general, there is only one output to a logic gate except in some special cases.
• There is always a time delay between an input being applied and the output responding.

 

Truth Tables

Truth tables are used to help show the function of a logic gate. If you are unsure about truth tables and need guidence on how go about drawning them for individual gates or logic circuits then use the truth table section link.

Truth Tables

Logic gates

Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are described below with the aid of truth tables.

AND gate

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high.  A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B.  Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB   OR gate The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high.  A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.  

NOT gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output.  It is also known as an inverter.  If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known as NOT A.  This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams below show two ways that the NAND logic gate can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can also be done using NOR logic gates in the same way.  

NAND gate

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate.  The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.   NOR gate This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate.  The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.     EXOR gate The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high.  An encircled plus sign () is used to show the EOR operation.

EXNOR gate

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

• The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since with either one the AND and OR functions and NOT can be generated.
• Note:
• A function in sum of products form can be implemented using NAND gates by replacing all AND and OR gates by NAND gates.

A function in product of sums form can be implemented using NOR gates by replacing all AND and OR gates by NOR gates.

Table 1: Logic gate symbols

Table 2 is a summary truth table of the input/output combinations for the NOT gate together with all possible input/output combinations for the other gate functions. Also note that a truth table with 'n' inputs has 2n rows. You can compare the outputs of different gates.

Table 2: Logic gates representation using the Truth table

Example

A NAND gate can be used as a NOT gate using either of the following wiring configurations.                                         (You can check this out using a truth table.)

Problem

Use AND and OR to test a combination of conditions

Excel for Microsoft 365 Excel for the web Excel 2019 Excel 2016 Excel 2013 Excel 2010 More… Less

When you need to find data that meets more than one condition, such as units sold between April and January, or units sold by Nancy, you can use the AND and OR functions together. Here's an example:

This formula nests the AND function inside the OR function to search for units sold between April 1, 2011 and January 1, 2012, or any units sold by Nancy. You can see it returns True for units sold by Nancy, and also for units sold by Tim and Ed during the dates specified in the formula.

Here's the formula in a form you can copy and paste. If you want to play with it in a sample workbook, see the end of this article.

=OR(AND(C2>DATE(2011,4,30),C2=125000,AND(B4=”South”,C4>=100000))=TRUE,C4*0.12,”No bonus”)

Let's look a bit deeper. The IF function requires three pieces of data (arguments) to run properly. The first is a logical test, the second is the value you want to see if the test returns True, and the third is the value you want to see if the test returns False.

In this example, the OR function and everything nested in it provides the logical test. You can read it as: Look for values greater than or equal to 125,000, unless the value in column C is “South”, then look for a value greater than 100,000, and every time both conditions are true, multiply the value by 0.

12, the commission amount. Otherwise, display the words “No bonus.”

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If you want to work with the examples in this article, copy the following table into cell A1 in your own spreadsheet. Be sure to select the whole table, including the heading row.

SalespersonRegionSalesFormula/result

Miller	East	87925	=IF(OR(C2>=125000,AND(B2=”South”,C2>=100000))=TRUE,C2*0.12,”No bonus”)
Stahl	North	100000	=IF(OR(C3>=125000,AND(B3=”South”,C3>=100000))=TRUE,C3*0.12,”No bonus”)
Foster	West	145000	=IF(OR(C4>=125000,AND(B4=”South”,C4>=100000))=TRUE,C4*0.12,”No bonus”)
Wilcox	South	200750	=IF(OR(C5>=125000,AND(B5=”South”,C5>=100000))=TRUE,C5*0.12,”No bonus”)
Barnhill	South	178650	=IF(OR(C6>=125000,AND(B6=”South”,C6>=100000))=TRUE,C6*0.12,”No bonus”)
Thomas	North	99555	=IF(OR(C7>=125000,AND(B7=”South”,C7>=100000))=TRUE,C7*0.12,”No bonus”)
Keever	East	147000	=IF(OR(C8>=125000,AND(B8=”South”,C8>=100000))=TRUE,C8*0.12,”No bonus”)
Cassazza	North	213450	=IF(OR(C9>=125000,AND(B9=”South”,C9>=100000))=TRUE,C9*0.12,”No bonus”)
Brownlee	South	122680	=IF(OR(C10>=125000,AND(B10=”South”,C10>=100000))=TRUE,C10*0.12,”No bonus”)
Smithberg	West	92500	=IF(OR(C11>=125000,AND(B11=”South”,C11>=100000))=TRUE,C11*0.12,”No bonus”)
Benson	East	88350	=IF(OR(C12>=125000,AND(B12=”South”,C12>=100000))=TRUE,C12*0.12,”No bonus”)
Reading	West	102500	=IF(OR(C13>=125000,AND(B13=”South”,C13>=100000))=TRUE,C13*0.12,”No bonus”)

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Comma Before And

Whether or not you put a comma before and depends on how you’re using and. There’s no single rule that applies to all situations. You usually put a comma before and when it’s connecting two independent clauses. It’s almost always optional to put a comma before and in a list.

Comma Before And in Lists

A lot of people have strong feelings about putting a comma before and in a list. Exactly why this particular quirk of comma usage stirs such passions is hard to say; it’s just one of those things. If you’ve ever heard someone arguing about serial commas or Oxford commas, this is what they were talking about.

Commas can be tricky.

Grammarly catches misplaced commas and other writing issues.

Get Grammarly

Let’s say your dog has so many great qualities that you just have to tell the world. When you list your dog’s qualities, you have to use a comma after each quality you list except the one that comes immediately before and. That comma is optional.

The dog is young, well trained, and good natured.

The dog is young, well trained and good natured.

The sentence is correct with or without the comma before and. (There are a few exceptions that require you to use the Oxford comma in a list, but they are pretty rare.) Just be consistent. Don’t switch back and forth in the same document between using the Oxford comma and not using it.

By the way, this rule only applies to lists of three or more items. You should not use a comma before and if you’re only mentioning two qualities.

The dog is well trained, and good natured.

The dog is well trained and good natured.

• This is true for proper names, ordinary nouns, verbs, or anything else.

Sam, and Sarah take excellent care of their pets.

Sam and Sarah take excellent care of their pets.

The dog barks, and plays.

Comma Before And That Joins Two Independent Clauses

The word and is a conjunction, and when a conjunction joins two independent clauses, you should use a comma with it. The proper place for the comma is before the conjunction.

On Monday we’ll see the Eiffel Tower
, and on Tuesday we’ll visit the Louvre
.

The sentence above contains two independent clauses (highlighted in green), so it requires a comma before and. (By the way, you can tell they’re independent clauses because each one could stand on its own as a complete sentence.)

Here’s a tip: Remember, when you’re joining two independent clauses, you need both a comma and a conjunction. If you use a comma without a conjunction, you’ll end up with a comma splice.

1. Let’s look at another example.

It’s cold outside, and I can’t find my coat.

Once again, we have two independent clauses: It’s cold outside plus I can’t find my coat. Therefore, we need a comma before and.

Don’t use a comma before and when one of the clauses it’s connecting is a dependent clause.

Sam tossed the ball
, and watched the dog chase it
.

The first clause, Sam tossed the ball could stand on its own as a complete sentence, which means it’s an independent clause. But the second clause, watched the dog chase it, can’t stand by itself as a complete sentence. That means it’s a dependent clause, so we should not use a comma before and.

Sam tossed the ball and watched the dog chase it.

Exceptions

But wait! There’s an exception. (Isn’t there always?) When you have two independent clauses joined together by and, most style guides say that it’s OK to leave the comma out as long as the two independent clauses are very short and closely connected. Here’s an example:

Arthur cooked and Melvin cleaned.

It’s not wrong to add a comma before and in the sentence above, but doing so might make the sentence a little choppy.

Want to learn about other ways to use a comma? Check out our general guide to comma usage.

Starting Sentences with And or But

One of our subscribers wrote to ask about starting sentences with and or but. She wondered whether it is considered grammatically correct to do so. The answer is yes.

• The operative word here, though, is sentences.
• Notice the difference between these two examples:
• Two sentences:

Mary ran errands all day in the sweltering heat to ensure that she could leave town the next morning for her vacation. But that night she lay in bed remembering all the tasks she had not yet completed.

One sentence and one sentence fragment: 

Mary ran errands all day in the sweltering heat to ensure that she could leave town the next morning for her vacation. But that night lay in bed remembering all the tasks she had not yet completed.

It’s fine to use a coordinating conjunction to launch an independent clause (a group of words with a subject and a verb that could stand alone as a sentence), such as the one we have in the first example. But the sentence fragment in the second example  (a fragment because it is missing a subject), is not OK.

Coordinating Conjunctions

1. And and but are two of the seven coordinating conjunctions:
2. Although our subscriber asked specifically about starting sentences with and or but, any of the seven coordinating conjunctions may start a sentence.

3. Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses that are balanced as logical equals:

• Mary and I went to the meeting. [joins two subjects]
• We were tired yet exhilarated by the end of our first day hiking up Mt. Everest. [joins two adjectives]
• We swam all morning but fished in the afternoon. [joins two verbs]

Often these conjunctions are used to coordinate two independent clauses (groups of words that can stand alone as sentences).

Here are two examples, with the independent clauses in brackets:

• [We started to go home], but

Do Not Use “and/or” in Legal Writing

I remain surprised at the number of intelligent, articulate, and well-read legal professionals who still use “and/or” in legal writing.

I am therefore creating this post to document a fairly complete list of authorities that support what I think is the better (if not obvious) view: never use “and/or” in legal writing (or any writing). And yes, I said “never.”

The Abomination that is “And/Or”

Although there is some support for “and/or,” the weight of authority is against its use, primarily for two reasons: (i) its use can result in uncertainty, (ii) it is not a real word.

I definitely fall into the camp of those who “wax indignant” over its use (these are Ken Adams’s words at p 109 of his Legal Usage in Drafting Corporate Agreements (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2001).

And even though Adams seems to tolerate on the same page the convenience of “and/or” as merely “one of the more benign drafting evils” (in appropriate circumstances where it does not result in ambiguity), he “tends to avoid using and/or” in his own drafting (he also provides more commentary, and examples, in his book A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting, 2d ed (Chicago: ABA Section of Business Law, 2008) at paras 10.56 to 10.60).

Otherwise, the strongest support in favour of “and/or” that I have found comes from my copy of Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 3d ed (London: Oxford University Press, 2000), where it is suggested that “and/or” was first recorded in the mid-19th century in legal contexts (hardly a reason to support its continued use).

The phrase is described as “a formula denoting that the items can be taken either together or as alternatives.

” The text further notes that it is “still employed from time to time in legal writing” but then notes it “verges on the inelegant when used in general writing” and that the “more comfortable way of expressing the same idea is to use ‘X or Y or both,’ or, in many contexts, just ‘or.'” (p 53).

In my opinion, the better view is to simply avoid “and/or” all together, as suggested by a number of leading authorities:

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Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), Rule 5.220 at 266:

• and/or. Avoid this Janus-faced term. It can often be replaced by and or or with no loss in meaning. Where it seems needed . . . , try or . . . or both (take a sleeping pill or a warm drink or both). But think of other possibilities . . . .

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William Strunk Jr & EB White, Elements of Style, 4th ed (New York: Longman, 1999) at 40:

• and/or. A device, or shortcut, that damages a sentence and often leads to confusion or ambiguity.

_________________________________________________________________

Bryan A Garner (with Jeff Newman and Tiger Jackson), The Redbook: A Manual on Legal Style (St Paul, MN: West Group, 2002), Rule 1.80 at 43:

• The slash . . . has few uses in formal writing except with dates and fractions. It is best known as the star character in two grammatical abominations: and/or and he/she. It is especially unfit for legal writing because it is inherently ambiguous.

• _________________________________________________________________
• Bryan A Garner, The Elements of Legal Style, 2d ed (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002) at 103:

• and/or. Banish from your working vocabulary this “much condemned conjunctive-disjunctive crutch of sloppy thinkers” (citing Raine v Drasin, discussed below) . . . .
  The word or usually includes the sense of and:

  No food or drink allowed.

  That sentence does not suggest that food or drink by itself is disallowed while food and drink together are OK . . . .

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Robert C Dick, Legal Drafting in Plain Language, 3d ed (Scarborough, ON: Carswell, 1995), Rule 10 at 107-11:

• Never use “and/or.”
  This linguistic aberration is dealt with harshly by the courts . . . .
  The eye tends to trip and stumble over this symbol. It has been promulgated largely by those who either have not taken the trouble to decide, or cannot make up their minds, which of the two words they mean.

Even in the French language, the phrase “and/or” appears to be an abomination. Robert Dick, in the book above (at 111), cites the following French commentary against the use of “and/or” (from a jurist who later went on to become a Supreme Court of Canada judge):
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Louis-Philippe Pigeon, Redaction et interpretation des lois (Quebec: University of Lavel, 1965) at 28:

• “Et/ou” est tout simplement inadmissible . . . . L’utilisation de cette conjunction, qui n’en est pas une, est une chose qui répugne au génie de la langue, aussi bien en anglais qu’en français. Il faut prendre le temps de réfléchir et construire la phrase de façon à ne pas recourir à cet artifice.

_________________________________________________________________

For additional commentary, see the following articles (from oldest to most recent):

• “An And/Or Symposium” (1932) 18 ABA Journal 456, 524, 574 (editorials).

• “And/Or: Its Uses and Abuses” (1935-36) 42 West Va LQ 235

• “And/or” (1939) 118 ALR 1367.

• WT Bie, “Ambiguous Language in Insurance Policies” (1945) Ins LJ 653.

• “And/or” (1945) 154 ALR 866.

• Worth Allen, “Literary Fraction And/or” (1947) 24 Dicta 273.

• Dwight G McCarty, “That Hybrid and/Or” (1961) 66 Com LJ 280.

• Kermit L Dunahoo, “Avoiding Inadvertent Syntactic Ambiguity in Legal Draftsmanship” (1970-1971) 20 Drake L Rev 137.

• Maurice B Kirk, “Legal Drafting: The Ambiguity of ‘And’ and ‘Or'” (1971) 2 Texas Tech Law Review 235.

• “Some Cases on ‘And/or’” (1994) 31 Clarity 21.

• Kenneth A Adams & Alan S. Kaye, “Revisiting the Ambiguity of and and or in Legal Drafting” (2006) 80 St John’s Law Review 1167.

• Bryan A Garner, “Looking for Words to Kill? Start with These” (2006) 35 Student Lawyer 12.

I also highly recommend Bryan Garner’s Legal Writing in Plain English: A Text with Exercises (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001) for the exercises he has for rewriting sentences using “and/or” into sentences using proper English.

Despite my conniption fits over “and/or,” I acknowledge it is not always obvious how to best replace “and/or” with either “and” or “or” or some other word or re-phrasing (there: I did it, three instances of “or” in a row in a sentence).

But that is really the whole point of plain English in legal writing: figure out what you are trying to say and then use the most appropriate wording – don’t be lazy and simply use “and/or” when, without too much effort, you can derive better wording.

I highly recommend the article by Kermit Dunahoo (above) on the complexity of meanings of “and” and “or.” Ruth Sullivan in Statutory Interpretation, 2d ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2007) at 81-82 also has a good discussion on the meaning of “and” and “or.”

1. _________________________________________________________________
2. Case Law Critical of “And/Or”
3. Criticism of “and/or” is not limited to commentary in secondary resources.
4. Judges have been vociferous in noting its ambiguity.

Set out below is a selected list of cases, listed from oldest to most recent, where courts have been critical of “and/or” (note: many of the cases below were noted by either Garner or Dick in their books above; other cases I have come across on my own). To me it is significant that the cases come from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia – the criticism is widespread.

I am somewhat mortified that the Ontario Court of Appeal in the 1985 decision below suggests that there may be a role for “and/or” if properly used (however at the same time as being critical of the term).

What About and/or? – Grammar and Punctuation

Our recent article about the slash (/) garnered interesting responses, none more fascinating than the email informing us that in several English-speaking countries, “slash” is a raunchy slang term.

A couple of readers inquired about and/or, for obvious reasons. Grammar books generally disregard the slash, but most of them have a lot to say about and/or.

In the 1920s the renowned English scholar H.W. Fowler dismissed and/or as an “ugly device” that may be “common and convenient in some kinds of official, legal, and business documents, but should not be allowed outside them.

” Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style says and/or “damages a sentence and often leads to confusion or ambiguity.

” Wilson Follett’s Modern American Usage calls and/or an “ungraceful expression” that “has no right to intrude in ordinary prose.”

Several authorities recommend replacing and/or with or alone. As Follett points out, “generally or includes and. The weatherman’s snow or sleet tomorrow is no guarantee that we shall have only the one or the other.

” The following contemporary sentences could substitute or for and/or with no appreciable change in meaning: “Have you forgotten your user name and/or password?” “Candidates can submit new and/or additional documentation.

”

However in certain sentences, or by itself cannot replace and/or, as seen in this example from Theodore M. Bernstein’s The Careful Writer: “The law allows a $25 fine and/or thirty days in jail.” Fowler offers a straightforward alternative: “x or y or both of them.” Let’s try it with Bernstein’s sentence: “The law allows a $25 fine or thirty days in jail or both.” Problem solved.

Some and/or sentences cannot be justified under any circumstances. Consider this one, courtesy of a grammar website: “You can get to the campus for this morning’s meeting on a bike and/or in a car.” Did you catch it? You can take a bike or a car but you wouldn’t take both, so there is no excuse for the and/.

The slash these days is a shiny toy that everyone wants to play with. This may explain in part why and/or, with its ersatz air of authority, is more popular than ever.

The culture’s bewildering infatuation with slash formations turns off a lot of writers, who go to great lengths to avoid them.

Nonetheless, if in the course of your own writing you find one of those rare occasions that a slash is called for, by all means use it.

Pop Quiz

Can you banish and/or from these sentences? Suggested alternatives are below.

1. No, Virginia, having more people and/or businesses will not get you lower taxes.
2. Consider whether the audience will be able to view and/or understand the illustration easily.

3. Here is how to change your password and/or update your email address.

Pop Quiz Answers

1. No, Virginia, having more people or businesses will not get you lower taxes.
2. Consider whether the audience will be able to view and understand the illustration easily.
3. Here is how to change your password, update your email address, or both.

Posted on Tuesday, October 28, 2014, at 6:58 pm

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24 Comments on What About and/or?

SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.

The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:

• The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
• The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.

The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

AND Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 …;

OR Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 …;

NOT Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE NOT condition;

Demo Database

The table below shows the complete “Customers” table from the Northwind sample database:

CustomerIDCustomerNameContactNameAddressCityPostalCodeCountry

1	Alfreds Futterkiste	Maria Anders	Obere Str. 57	Berlin	12209	Germany
2	Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados	Ana Trujillo	Avda. de la Constitución 2222	México D.F.	05021	Mexico
3	Antonio Moreno Taquería	Antonio Moreno	Mataderos 2312	México D.F.	05023	Mexico
4	Around the Horn	Thomas Hardy	120 Hanover Sq.	London	WA1 1DP	UK
5	Berglunds snabbköp	Christina Berglund	Berguvsvägen 8	Luleå	S-958 22	Sweden
6	Blauer See Delikatessen	Hanna Moos	Forsterstr. 57	Mannheim	68306	Germany
7	Blondel père et fils	Frédérique Citeaux	24, place Kléber	Strasbourg	67000	France
8	Bólido Comidas preparadas	Martín Sommer	C/ Araquil, 67	Madrid	28023	Spain
9	Bon app'	Laurence Lebihans	12, rue des Bouchers	Marseille	13008	France
10	Bottom-Dollar Marketse	Elizabeth Lincoln	23 Tsawassen Blvd.	Tsawassen	T2F 8M4	Canada
11	B's Beverages	Victoria Ashworth	Fauntleroy Circus	London	EC2 5NT	UK
12	Cactus Comidas para llevar	Patricio Simpson	Cerrito 333	Buenos Aires	1010	Argentina
13	Centro comercial Moctezuma	Francisco Chang	Sierras de Granada 9993	México D.F.	05022	Mexico
14	Chop-suey Chinese	Yang Wang	Hauptstr. 29	Bern	3012	Switzerland
15	Comércio Mineiro	Pedro Afonso	Av. dos Lusíadas, 23	São Paulo	05432-043	Brazil
16	Consolidated Holdings	Elizabeth Brown	Berkeley Gardens 12 Brewery	London	WX1 6LT	UK
17	Drachenblut Delikatessend	Sven Ottlieb	Walserweg 21	Aachen	52066	Germany
18	Du monde entier	Janine Labrune	67, rue des Cinquante Otages	Nantes	44000	France
19	Eastern Connection	Ann Devon	35 King George	London	WX3 6FW	UK
20	Ernst Handel	Roland Mendel	Kirchgasse 6	Graz	8010	Austria
21	Familia Arquibaldo	Aria Cruz	Rua Orós, 92	São Paulo	05442-030	Brazil
22	FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas S.A.	Diego Roel	C/ Moralzarzal, 86	Madrid	28034	Spain
23	Folies gourmandes	Martine Rancé	184, chaussée de Tournai	Lille	59000	France
24	Folk och fä HB	Maria Larsson	Åkergatan 24	Bräcke	S-844 67	Sweden
25	Frankenversand	Peter Franken	Berliner Platz 43	München	80805	Germany
26	France restauration	Carine Schmitt	54, rue Royale	Nantes	44000	France
27	Franchi S.p.A.	Paolo Accorti	Via Monte Bianco 34	Torino	10100	Italy
28	Furia Bacalhau e Frutos do Mar	Lino Rodriguez	Jardim das rosas n. 32	Lisboa	1675	Portugal
29	Galería del gastrónomo	Eduardo Saavedra	Rambla de Cataluña, 23	Barcelona	08022	Spain
30	Godos Cocina Típica	José Pedro Freyre	C/ Romero, 33	Sevilla	41101	Spain
31	Gourmet Lanchonetes	André Fonseca	Av. Brasil, 442	Campinas	04876-786	Brazil
32	Great Lakes Food Market	Howard Snyder	2732 Baker Blvd.	Eugene	97403	USA
33	GROSELLA-Restaurante	Manuel Pereira	5ª Ave. Los Palos Grandes	Caracas	1081	Venezuela
34	Hanari Carnes	Mario Pontes	Rua do Paço, 67	Rio de Janeiro	05454-876	Brazil
35	HILARIÓN-Abastos	Carlos Hernández	Carrera 22 con Ave. Carlos Soublette #8-35	San Cristóbal	5022	Venezuela
36	Hungry Coyote Import Store	Yoshi Latimer	City Center Plaza 516 Main St.	Elgin	97827	USA
37	Hungry Owl All-Night Grocers	Patricia McKenna	8 Johnstown Road	Cork	Ireland
38	Island Trading	Helen Bennett	Garden House Crowther Way	Cowes	PO31 7PJ	UK
39	Königlich Essen	Philip Cramer	Maubelstr. 90	Brandenburg	14776	Germany
40	La corne d'abondance	Daniel Tonini	67, avenue de l'Europe	Versailles	78000	France
41	La maison d'Asie	Annette Roulet	1 rue Alsace-Lorraine	Toulouse	31000	France
42	Laughing Bacchus Wine Cellars	Yoshi Tannamuri	1900 Oak St.	Vancouver	V3F 2K1	Canada
43	Lazy K Kountry Store	John Steel	12 Orchestra Terrace	Walla Walla	99362	USA
44	Lehmanns Marktstand	Renate Messner	Magazinweg 7	Frankfurt a.M.	60528	Germany
45	Let's Stop N Shop	Jaime Yorres	87 Polk St. Suite 5	San Francisco	94117	USA
46	LILA-Supermercado	Carlos González	Carrera 52 con Ave. Bolívar #65-98 Llano Largo	Barquisimeto	3508	Venezuela
47	LINO-Delicateses	Felipe Izquierdo	Ave. 5 de Mayo Porlamar	I. de Margarita	4980	Venezuela
48	Lonesome Pine Restaurant	Fran Wilson	89 Chiaroscuro Rd.	Portland	97219	USA
49	Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti	Giovanni Rovelli	Via Ludovico il Moro 22	Bergamo	24100	Italy
50	Maison Dewey	Catherine Dewey	Rue Joseph-Bens 532	Bruxelles	B-1180	Belgium
51	Mère Paillarde	Jean Fresnière	43 rue St. Laurent	Montréal	H1J 1C3	Canada
52	Morgenstern Gesundkost	Alexander Feuer	Heerstr. 22	Leipzig	04179	Germany
53	North/South	Simon Crowther	South House 300 Queensbridge	London	SW7 1RZ	UK
54	Océano Atlántico Ltda.	Yvonne Moncada	Ing. Gustavo Moncada 8585 Piso 20-A	Buenos Aires	1010	Argentina
55	Old World Delicatessen	Rene Phillips	2743 Bering St.	Anchorage	99508	USA
56	Ottilies Käseladen	Henriette Pfalzheim	Mehrheimerstr. 369	Köln	50739	Germany
57	Paris spécialités	Marie Bertrand	265, boulevard Charonne	Paris	75012	France
58	Pericles Comidas clásicas	Guillermo Fernández	Calle Dr. Jorge Cash 321	México D.F.	05033	Mexico
59	Piccolo und mehr	Georg Pipps	Geislweg 14	Salzburg	5020	Austria
60	Princesa Isabel Vinhoss	Isabel de Castro	Estrada da saúde n. 58	Lisboa	1756	Portugal
61	Que Delícia	Bernardo Batista	Rua da Panificadora, 12	Rio de Janeiro	02389-673	Brazil
62	Queen Cozinha	Lúcia Carvalho	Alameda dos Canàrios, 891	São Paulo	05487-020	Brazil
63	QUICK-Stop	Horst Kloss	Taucherstraße 10	Cunewalde	01307	Germany
64	Rancho grande	Sergio Gutiérrez	Av. del Libertador 900	Buenos Aires	1010	Argentina
65	Rattlesnake Canyon Grocery	Paula Wilson	2817 Milton Dr.	Albuquerque	87110	USA
66	Reggiani Caseifici	Maurizio Moroni	Strada Provinciale 124	Reggio Emilia	42100	Italy
67	Ricardo Adocicados	Janete Limeira	Av. Copacabana, 267	Rio de Janeiro	02389-890	Brazil
68	Richter Supermarkt	Michael Holz	Grenzacherweg 237	Genève	1203	Switzerland
69	Romero y tomillo	Alejandra Camino	Gran Vía, 1	Madrid	28001	Spain
70	Santé Gourmet	Jonas Bergulfsen	Erling Skakkes gate 78	Stavern	4110	Norway
71	Save-a-lot Markets	Jose Pavarotti	187 Suffolk Ln.	Boise	83720	USA
72	Seven Seas Imports	Hari Kumar	90 Wadhurst Rd.	London	OX15 4NB	UK
73	Simons bistro	Jytte Petersen	Vinbæltet 34	København	1734	Denmark
74	Spécialités du monde	Dominique Perrier	25, rue Lauriston	Paris	75016	France
75	Split Rail Beer & Ale	Art Braunschweiger	P.O. Box 555	Lander	82520	USA
76	Suprêmes délices	Pascale Cartrain	Boulevard Tirou, 255	Charleroi	B-6000	Belgium
77	The Big Cheese	Liz Nixon	89 Jefferson Way Suite 2	Portland	97201	USA
78	The Cracker Box	Liu Wong	55 Grizzly Peak Rd.	Butte	59801	USA
79	Toms Spezialitäten	Karin Josephs	Luisenstr. 48	Münster	44087	Germany
80	Tortuga Restaurante	Miguel Angel Paolino	Avda. Azteca 123	México D.F.	05033	Mexico
81	Tradição Hipermercados	Anabela Domingues	Av. Inês de Castro, 414	São Paulo	05634-030	Brazil
82	Trail's Head Gourmet Provisioners	Helvetius Nagy	722 DaVinci Blvd.	Kirkland	98034	USA
83	Vaffeljernet	Palle Ibsen	Smagsløget 45	Århus	8200	Denmark
84	Victuailles en stock	Mary Saveley	2, rue du Commerce	Lyon	69004	France
85	Vins et alcools Chevalier	Paul Henriot	59 rue de l'Abbaye	Reims	51100	France
86	Die Wandernde Kuh	Rita Müller	Adenauerallee 900	Stuttgart	70563	Germany
87	Wartian Herkku	Pirkko Koskitalo	Torikatu 38	Oulu	90110	Finland
88	Wellington Importadora	Paula Parente	Rua do Mercado, 12	Resende	08737-363	Brazil
89	White Clover Markets	Karl Jablonski	305 – 14th Ave. S. Suite 3B	Seattle	98128	USA
90	Wilman Kala	Matti Karttunen	Keskuskatu 45	Helsinki	21240	Finland
91	Wolski	Zbyszek	ul. Filtrowa 68	Walla	01-012	Poland

AND Example

The following SQL statement selects all fields from “Customers” where country is “Germany” AND city is “Berlin”:

OR Example

The following SQL statement selects all fields from “Customers” where city is “Berlin” OR “München”:

The following SQL statement selects all fields from “Customers” where country is “Germany” OR “Spain”:

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' OR Country='Spain';

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NOT Example

The following SQL statement selects all fields from “Customers” where country is NOT “Germany”:

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE NOT Country='Germany';

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Combining AND, OR and NOT

You can also combine the AND, OR and NOT operators.

The following SQL statement selects all fields from “Customers” where country is “Germany” AND city must be “Berlin” OR “München” (use parenthesis to form complex expressions):

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');

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The following SQL statement selects all fields from “Customers” where country is NOT “Germany” and NOT “USA”:

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE NOT Country='Germany' AND NOT Country='USA';

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